Final study guide

Final Exam Study Guide Know these people Carl Linnaeus- Swedish botanist who established a system for naming species that is exempt in use today two-part name unique to each grammatical case of organism Jean Baptists Lamarckian-proposed that mortals multifariousness in response to ch only in each(a)enges posed by the purlieu and the convertd marks ar thus passed on to emergence Charles Darwin- said that species change over over time but do not progress individual variation is important and variation is what drives evolution Biodiversity How legion(predicate) species wealthy person been draw? Approximately 1. 5 cardinal (114 of all species) How many species re primary(prenominal) to be described? What animals account for the greatest amount of species diversity? Insects How do we figure biodiversity? Genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity, change through time -variety and vari powerfulness of life on earth, measured by species What argon ecosyste m services? litigatees that increase the quality of the biotic milieu -atmosphere and climate, fresh piss, nutrient cycling, pollination, pest creation, disease What is an ecologic footprint?How many additional planet earths would be required if all humans had the ecological footprint of an American? 4 planets Why is biodiversity important? Why try biodiversity? Economical and biological benefits Science What is a theory and how does it differ from a hypothesis? Well a hypothesis is a possible or tentative explanation for scientific findings that a scientist discovered during research. A theory is a tested by other scientists who get the same results as the front scientists hypothesis Evolution and vivid Selection Why did Darwin rest the publication of The Origin of Species?Be provoke of special creation was still very habitual What is unfamiliaritys and how does it yoke to the process of Natural Selection? Their ideas both relied on small-scale changes over time rather than cataclysmic events that caused sudden upheaval or change What is a geometric progression- -is a sequence of numbers racket where each term after the first is build by multiplying the previous wholeness by a fixed, non-zero number called the coarse ratio - commonwealth issue what is an arithmetic progression? -increases by a constant deflexion (e. . , units of 1 or 2 or 3) -food supply -supply gradually increases with large population jumps How do these relate to populations and natural woof? lack of resources causes competition round take the medium ground finch study (Ga windingg forties). What type of cream? Directional selection What influenced beak size of it? Since scarcely big seeds became avail able, individuals with particularly large and sibylline beaks were more likely to crack these fruits efficiently enough to survive How did this relate to rainfall? He drought cause the sources of seeds as food to celestial latitude What argon the conditions necessar y for Natural Selection? individuals vary -some variations be patrimonial -more offspring be vexd than can survive -individuals with traits that confer an advantage atomic number 18 more likely to survive and reproduce What are the agents of evolutionary change review notes on tuition, conef depresseder, nonrandom brotherhood, genic veranda.Mutation-constantly introduces new allelomorphs at all loci -increases catching diversity in population -ultimate source of all constituenttic variability -random with respect to fitness Gene Flow- the movement of alleles from one population to another -random with respect to fitness -tends equalize allele frequencies among populations Nonrandom matting- nonrandom mating in the midst of relatives -causes inbreeding depression -helps selection weed out evil alleles Genetic Drift- any change in the allele frequencies in a population that is due o chance (luck, sampling error) causes allele frequencies to drift up and down randomly over time What is fitness? The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce, relative to other individuals in that population What is dyed selection? Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with want genetic traits How does natural selection produce major change? running play selection is the tendency of the ones best suited to survive in their environment to survive longer and pass on their genes more often those genes then become more common and the harmful rations die out, gradually reshaping all life and fine-tuning it to its environment. What is homology? The occurrence of similar have gots in different species because they both communicable the trait from a common ancestor What is the just about common cause Of homophony? -convergent evolution -occurs when natural selection favors similar solutions to problems posed by a similar way of life What is a vestigial structure? all rudimentary structure of unknown or minimal function th at is homologous to functioning structures in other species -are thought to reflect evolutionary story How do imperfect structures relate to the theory of evolution by Natural Selection?If evolution is true, then imperfect design is expected, because natural selection works to make an organism well-adapted, but not perfectly adapted, to their environment What is convergent evolution? Review the fish ichthyology example from class and the text. Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments. Starting some 200 million years ago, these marine reptiles evolved body plans (and behavioral kinds) strikingly similar to those of odder dolphins and bluffing tuna (great example of convergent evolution) Be able to credit disruptive, directional, stabilizing selection.Disruptive both extremes are favored, and the fair phenotype is selected against relatively rare -maintains genetic variation -plays a role in speciation-the gene ration of new species Directional- one extreme is favored, and the average phenotype (and the other extreme) is selected against -changes the average value of a trait Stabilizing- reduces genetic variation -the average phenotype is favored, and both extremes are selected against he average value of the trait does not change over time What is the difference in the midst of macroeconomics- Large-scale evolution occurring over geologic time that results in the formation of new taxonomic themes. ND microinstruction evolution resulting from small special(prenominal) genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies Hardy-Weinberg You depart not be asked to do any Hardy-Weinberg calculations What is the basic tenet of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem? When alleles are transmitted via meiosis and random combination of gametes, their frequencies do not change over time -for evolution to occur, some other actor or factors must come into play -if the frequencies of alleles AH and AH in a popu lation are given by p and q, then the frequencies of genotypes AH AH , AH AH, and AAA will be given by pa, ops, and sq for generation after generation What are the assumptions of the H-W Theorem? O natural selection -no genetic drift (no random allele relative frequency changes) -no gene flow via immigration or emigration -no mutation -random mating (with respect to the gene in question) pa -the predicted frequency of the offspring AH AH genotype* ops-the predicted frequency of the offspring AI genotype + sq -the predicted regency of the offspring AAA genotype= 1 what are the allele frequencies, what are the genotype frequencies in a non-evolving population? Frequency of dominant allele the frequency of the recessive allele frequency of AAA (homozygous dominant) ops= frequency of AAA (heterozygous) sq= frequency of AAA (homozygous recessive) How do you recognize a population not in H-W equilibrium? If it does not equal one Why would a population not be in H-W equilibrium? B/c ch anges would occur and that would not be realistic Species and speciation Review the Biological Species Concept. Cost widely accepted imagination -defines species as a population or gathering whose members have the voltage to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, robust offspring Be able to differentiate between Predating/Precocity-individuals of different species are prevented from mating, Postdating/Precocity and Posthypnotic- when individuals from different populations do mate, but species will have low fitness or fitness or offspring will be sterile barriers. What are the predating-Factors which cause species to mate with their own kind (assertive mating) and postdating barriers-Genomic incompatibility, loanblend amiability or sterility What are posthypnotic barriers? What is a hybrid? laic isolation-populations are single out because they breed at different times habitat Isolation- populations are isolated because they breed in different habitats Behavio ral Isolation- populations do not interbreed because their courtship displays differ Gametes Barrier- mating fail because bollock and sperm are incompatible Mechanical Isolation- mating fail because priapic and female reproductive structures are incompatible crossbred Viability- hybrid offspring do not develop normally and die as embryos Hybrid Sterility- hybrid offspring mature but are sterile as adults Hybrid-the offspring of parents from two different strains, populations, or species In very full usual terms what does the Biological Species Concept state about the nature of species? What are some of the problems with the Biological Species Concept? Tot applicable to asexual or fossil species difficult to assess if populations do not overlap geographically Be able to define the terms symmetric-occurs even though gene flow is possible is rare or nonexistent even though symmetric populations are not physically isolated, they may be isolated by preferences for different habitat s and allophonic- begins with physical isolation via either dispersal or vicariate What is the phylogenesis species concept? - found on reconstructing the evolutionary history of populations What is the geomorphologic species concept? Identifies evolutionary independent lineages by differences in morphological features based on the idea that distinguishing features are just about likely to arise if populations are independent and isolated from gene flow The Fossil Record and tummy extinguishings What are the different types of facsimiled materials?Thousandth Microfossils- first animals on Earth -include piffling sponges Dedicated faunas- -include sponges, jellyfish, and comb jellies as well as facsimiled burrows, tracks, and other traces from unidentified animals -small, have no shells, limbs, heads, mouths, or feeding appendages -sat immobile on the seafloor, or floated in the Water Burgess Shale Faunas- sponges, jellyfish, and comb jellies, arthropods, and mollusks -tremend ous increase in the size and morphological complexity of animals occurred, accompanied by diversification in how they make a living Fossil Intermediate- we can see the bridge between where we started and here we are now with these intermediate fossils How are rocks in fossils hold?What are fossil intermediates? What was the Cambrian Explosion? When did it occur? About 563 million years ago What is a mass extermination? How many are there in the paleontologist record? Result from extraordinary, sudden, and temporary changes in the environment , 5 records What is the sixth mass extinction? The ongoing extinction of Earths creatures caused by humans What are some of the putative causes for the Permian mass extinction? When did it occur? What percentage of species went extinct? 0% 251 million years ago When was the KIT mass extinction? 65 million What is the evidence that points to an asteroid strike as the trigger of the KIP extinction?Sedimentary rocks that organize at the KIT bou ndary contain very high amounts of iridium (rare on Earth, common in meteorites) -In Haiti, shocked quartz and micrometeorites are massive in rock layers from this time period -The huge crater off the coast of Mexico Yucatan Peninsula Review the timing and general partingizations of the Paleozoic-saw the origin and initial diversification of the animals, reason plants, and fungi, as well as the appearance of land animals, Pre-Cambrian-life was entirely unicellular for most Of Earths history -oxygen was virtually absent from the oceans and atmosphere for to the highest degree 2 billion years after the origin of life, Mesozoic- extinction of dinosaurs -in telluric environments of the Mesozoic, gymnosperms were the most important plants and dinosaurs were the most important vertebrates, Cenozoic-on land, angiosperms were the most important plants and mammals were the most important vertebrates and Cambrian Phylogeny How does the principle of parsimony apply to evolution reconstr uction? Deer parsimony, the most likely explanation or pattern is the one that implies the least amount of change -a computer compares the branching patterns that are theoretically possible and counts the number of changes in DNA sequences required to produce each pattern Define the following terms contemporary-a trait found in certain groups of organisms that exists in no others -homologous trait (inherited from a common ancestor), Primitive A structure which is NOT exclusively shared only by all members of a group by virtue of declination from a common ancestor -cannot be used to extinguish between members of a group because all actually or ancestrally possess the social organisation -Example Vertebrae are possessed by all birds but also by all other vertebrates.Possession of vertebrae cannot be used to distinguish the birds from other batteries since all batteries including birds share that trait, ancestral-A trait shared by all members of a group through a common ancestor. , d erived-A structure which IS exclusively shared and by all members of a group by virtue of diminution from a common ancestor -Example Among vertebrates, feathers are possessed by all birds ND by NO OTHER VERTEBRATE -Possession of feathers CAN be used to didst anguish the birds from other batteries since no batteries except birds share that trait.. Of the supra which provide the only real evidence for relationship? Derived Trait How do you establish if a character is derived or ancestral (hint outgrip and ingrown)- Assume that the character in the outgrip is ancestral.Fifth character is different in the ingrown, then it is considered derived -To determine whether a character is ancestral or derived compare the character in the ingrown with that of the outgrip Define monopolistic-an evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and all of its posterity but no others (also called a clawed or lineage), paralytic-an evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and some but not all of its descendants -meaningful unit in evolution, polytechnic-composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor. Be able to recognize the above terms within the context of a phylogeny tree. Of the above terms which one is preferred? monopolistic group Which is most likely the reality of any group? Reparability group Prokaryote (study sections 28. And 28. 3) What feature has contributed significantly to bacterial diversity? Be able to differentiate been gram-positive- have cell walls composed of a thick layer of pedagogical -bacteria that seem purple when treated with a gram strain and gram-negative-bacteria that look beg when treated with a gram stain bacteria have a cell wall composed of a thin layer of pedagogical and an outer phosphoric layer bacteria. Review bacterial metabolic diversity (heterodox-acquire carbon containing compounds from other organisms, lithograph-oxidize inorganic ions such as ammonia or methane to fuel cellular aspirat ion etc. What features distinguish Reach-no nuclear gasbag -circular chromosome -all unicellular -flagella spin like bacterial flagella, but in a distinctive molecular composition have unique phosphoric in their plasma membranes, Bacteria-no nuclear envelope -have pedagogical in their cell walls -flagella spin like propeller -almost all unicellular and Eukaryote-nuclear envelope -flagella undulate covert and forth? Are prokaryote monopolistic-yes, because there are two main lineages that diverged very early in the history of life Protests (study sections 29. 1 , 29. 2 and 29. ) What is the domain Eukaryote? What is the endometriosis origin of eukaryote who proposed it and what is the evidence livelihood it?Mitochondria are most closely related to what group of bacteria to what group are chloroplasts most closely related? Do protests form a monopolistic group? What groups must be included? Land Plants (study sections 30. 1 and 30. 3) What group is most closely related to land pla nts? Green alga What features were the main features that allowed plants to inhabit and subsequently diversify on land? erratic habitats have more sunlight and more CA than aquatic habitats -Preventing water loss cuticle and stomata -upright growth and vascular tissue Review the general features of land plant phylogeny. What were the major features to evolve over the course of land plant history?